Impact of Leadership in Organizational Culture-Free-Samples

The Effects of Standardized Tests on Education

Government sanctioned tests have been discussed and contended for the same number of years as they have existed. It is beneficial to take a gander at a portion of the contentions for the two sides and see whether there can be some center ground. Two significant elements of government sanctioned tests are the manner in which the tests are directed and how the outcomes are taken care of. These two issues might be a higher priority than the tests themselves. There must be approaches to have responsibility in many territories of society. In schools, we have to know whether educators are instructing and if understudies are learning. There must be some approach to decide whether the framework is working. State administered tests can show students’ qualities and shortcomings. Preferably, instructors at that point create systems to address the requirements of the understudy that the test has laid out. These tests can help anticipate choice at school, avocation for grants, and determination for business. They can report accomplishment, both for the understudy and the educator. â€Å"The basic thoughts behind the development and utilization of tests are not past our understanding†. Says Andrew J. Strenio Jr. These tests â€Å"certify that the examinee has the essential abilities and skills expected to move on from secondary school programs, practice in an occupation or calling, or get raised status inside a profession†. (Guarding Standardized Testing; Phelps, Richard. We were unable to work in the public eye without some fundamental measures and these norms should be uniform all through our general public. Chauncey and Dobbin write in their book Testing: It’s Place in Education Today:â€Å"Every school and pretty much every educator utilizes a test sooner or later during the time spent arranging guidance that will fit the understudy and his capacities†. State sanctioned testing is only a bigger scope for examination. It offers criticism to the understudy and the educational system about where accomplishment is in sure zones. Be that as it may, it ought not be the main rules for what we think about progress. There is a lot of analysis of state administered tests. Making test scores open is an approach to consider them to be markers of school quality. This has expanded their worth 100% however not in an especially decent manner. Authorities utilize an arrangement of pay-offs and dangers to force everybody into focusing on test results. On the off chance that the scores are high, the pay-offs may incorporate rewards for educators and schools. Understudies may get food, passes to amusement stops or games, exceptions from in-class end of the year tests, and even grants. The dangers incorporate loss of financing or accreditation for schools, while understudies might be kept down a year or denied a secondary school confirmation in the event that they don’t test well, paying little mind to their general scholastic record. All together, these strategies are known as ‘high stakes’ testing. There may not be information on this, however Alfie Kohn states â€Å"the individuals who work most intimately with kids are the well on the way to comprehend the restrictions of government sanctioned tests. † He says that â€Å"support for testing appears to develop as you move away from the understudies, going from instructor to head to focal office executive to educational committee part to state board part, state administrator, and senator. † 3 Standardized Minds by Peter Sacks discusses the unchallenged situation of state administered testing which he terms â€Å"an undesirable and suffering obsession†. He additionally expounds on the expense of such an excess of testing. â€Å"The sum Americans spend stepping through examinations, getting ready for tests, scoring tests, and running sublimely expand testing programs in schools, universities and the working environment is staggering, most likely running in the billions of dollars every year. It is conceivable that Americans might be taking upwards of 600 million government sanctioned tests every year, or multiple tests every year for each man, lady, and kid in the United States. Absurd requests of ‘higher scores’ from schools has many negative outcomes. Alfie Kohn says â€Å"Teachers are starting to feel burnt out on the weight, the slanted needs, and the insolent treatment as they are compelled to execute an educational plan to a great extent dictated by test makers or state officials. † A threatening situation creates as instructors want to demonstrate that low scores were not their deficiency. An unfortunate r ivalry is set up between instructors. High-stakes testing has prompted across the board cheating. As of late, Atlanta schools swindling outrage has been headline news. An article in Substance News by George N. Schmidt on Dec. 26, 2010 subtleties the profundity and broadness of the CRCT embarrassment. The article is a piece of arrangement that has inspected the measurably implausible gains in test scores in Atlanta schools and how school locale authorities reacted to them. The cash spent on this examination could most likely form another school. The desire for higher scores implies instructors are bound to â€Å"teach to the test’ and become recruit instructors. Different things like expressive arts tumble to the wayside as math and science are stressed. From the book Standardized Minds: â€Å"Researchers have found reliably that one of the most harming impacts of enormous scope, large stakes state administered testing in schools has been to: (1) misrepresent what’s educated in school; and (2) to seriously tighten what is instructed to just those things well on the way to show up on an up and coming government sanctioned test. There is fault and result to cheating, regardless of whether it is out and out deletions on tests or long stretches of showing the test. Be that as it may, it should assist us with rethinking the weights on ‘high-stakes’ testing. Possibly the Atlanta tricking outrage can give us that our reaction to the grade is way off the mark. School locale, schools, educators, and under studies ought not need to be tried under such extraordinary tension. This undermining air makes bamboozling a probability. Evaluations and grades don’t mention to us what we truly need to think about someone. The Case Against Standardized Testing incorporates a rundown offered by instructor Bill Ayers: â€Å"Standardized tests can’t measure activity, inventiveness, creative mind, reasonable reasoning, interest, exertion, incongruity, judgment, responsibility, subtlety, cooperative attitude, moral reflection, or a large group of other important demeanors and properties. What they can gauge and tally are secluded abilities, explicit realities and capacities, the least intriguing and least critical parts of learning†. Possibly it's anything but a ‘bad test’ yet how the outcomes are dealt with. Daniel Koretz in Measuring Up discusses the restrictions of grades. He says â€Å"What training pioneers need is a reasonable, straight-forward proportion of school execution, to have the option to screen schools and consider them responsible. The issue is that we will in general overestimate what tests can do. Tests are not intended to sum up every one of that understudies and schools can do†. By a similar token Andrew Strenio states that â€Å"Standardized tests pass on a deception of a lot more prominent exactness than they are really fit for achieving†. Learning is a procedure and procedure is characterized as development, a progression of activities or changes. That is the thing that makes it hard to definitely quantify. So perhaps we ought not stick such a great amount on state administered tests. Rather, make them a segment of the general estimation of value accomplishment. Valerie Janesick states in The Assessment Debate that â€Å"Learning doesn't occur by sheer idiotic possibility or karma . It happens by design†. She makes reference to Grant Wiggins saying â€Å"the objective isn't moment change or moment knowing but instead a consistent procedure that outcomes in understanding†. Priscilla Vail states â€Å"Above all, guardians, understudies, and instructors must recall that a test just shows what one individual did on one exercise on one day. A state administered test score isn't a permit to live or a proportion of meriting oxygen and space on our planet. † The chance to show what you know should likewise be possible with portfolio evaluation, gathering or individual activities, and bring home tests. We ought to endeavor to make schools that help understudies thrive. We ought to likewise endeavor to employ directors who can create and execute new rules for estimating accomplishment that could oblige the government sanctioned tests.

Influence of Rock Music on Society free essay sample

It likewise works as a medium which the specialists a pass on their social encounters and their mentality toward society and life to their crowd. On each purpose of its turn of events, awesome music has become the transporters of unmistakable implications which venture profound into the lives of its fans. Exciting music regularly alludes to music styles after 1959 and it has its underlying foundations in backtalk awesome and rockabilly. The term awesome itself was dark slang for moving or sex, first showed up on record in 1 922 on Tried Smiths My Baby Rocks Me With One Steady Roll.According to an online site MS Incarnate , the word rock intends to swing or influence in reverse and forward r from side to side, or cause a person or thing to swing or influence along these lines, particularly with a moderate delicate musicality. The action word Roll was a medieval analogy which implied having intercourse. The term awesome itself was dark slang for moving or sex, first showed up on record In 1922 on Tried Smiths My Baby Rocks Me With One Steady Roll.According to an online site MANS Incarnate , the word rock intends to swing or influence in reverse and forward or from side to side, or cause a person or thing to swing or influence along these lines, particularly with a moderate delicate musicality. The action word Roll was a medieval allegory which implied having diviner. This sort of melodic style started to develop in United States during the late 1 backtalk as a blend of the rhythms of the blues, RB, African American culture, and from Americas nation and western music.According to an online site Wisped, Rock and roll (otherwise called rock move), Is a kind of music that advanced in the US in the late backtalk and got well known in the early backtalk, rapidly spreading to the remainder of the world. It later brought forth the different sub-kinds of what is currently called basically rock, typically joined by verses. After World War II, a well known DC (abbreviated from plate Jockey) in American, Alan Freed, received this term to his program Moods Rock move Party. He additionally started telecom the romping R music In his program and obtained the term awesome to portray this melodic form.Hence, this term began to win. Be that as it may, Rock music didn't end up being standard until the rise of numerous remarkable and incredible antecedents. As the book The Apocalypse of Pop Music (1994, p. 5) shows, there was no such melodic structure which prevails music hovers before Elvis Presley made his introduction. Nonetheless, the main stone vocalist who initially acquaint rock;n move with the mass populace Is 3111 Haley and his melody Rock Around the Clock. TLS tune came in any case on the diagrams both in America and in England and has been considered as perhaps the best melody in rock music.At a similar time, Elvis Presley, additionally known s The King of Rock n Roll, began to build up his notoriety as the most huge stone vocalist in this field. It has been guaranteed that there are more than 500 US fan clubs and that they exist in each state. As per the American Demographics magazine, 84% of the US individuals state that their lives have been moved by Elvis Presley here and there, 31% have purchased an Elvis record, CD or video, , and 5% have seen the vocalist in show. During the post-WI monetary blast of the backtalk, numerous guardians had the option to give their young kids a lot higher allowances.The adjustment brought about a gathering of lively adolescents. They bit by bit got mindful of lifes dull, so they looked for new excitation. Elvis Presley youthful, attractive appearance and his sepulchral, passionate voice have satisfied the young people prerequisite for an icon. Thus, he turned into the hit. The predominance of Elvis Presley additionally demonstrated the young people in that time in need of a music style which were uncontrollable and wild. By the assistance of Elvis Presley and the social components, exciting music has become the first and the genuine standard throughout the entire existence of popular music. By the backtalk, America no longer has its driving spot. Around then, numerous British youngsters began to frame groups came about because of the impact of the exciting music wave. This pattern started in Liverpool, a thriving harbor situated in England, in which the neighborhood young people could connect with American awesome music effectively and rapidly. Along these lines The Beetles drove the melodic British Invasion into the United States. They are considered as the best band on the planet. The Beetles are the top of the line melodic demonstration ever in the United States, as indicated by the RecordingIndustry Association of America, which ensured them as the most elevated selling band ever dependent on American deals of singles and collections. This business achievement was rehashed in numerous different nations. In reality, the Beetles were not the sort of artists that would show thought for the general public and reflect reality in their initial period. Despite the fact that their music was famous, its substance was about adoration and sentiment. Not until the discharged of their collection, Help, would we be able to see their cautious and intentional mentality towards creating music.In 1967, the war occurred in the Middle East turned out to be increasingly wild. Out of concern, the Beetles composed a great tune All You Need Is Love. By the telecom of counterfeit satellite, there were around 2,000 a huge number of individuals saw their message of adoration right away. As should be obvious in the verses, Theres nothing you can do that cant be finished. Nothing you can sing that cant be sung. Nothing you can say except for you can figure out how the play the game All You Need Is Love, they decide to communicate their anxiety and to approach people groups consideration and care.Rock sic as the medium among individuals and society can be seen in here. Another genuine case of how awesome music go about as the impression of the truth is the Sex Pistols in 1977. They have been portrayed as the complete English underground rock band. It happened to be the monetary emergency and genuine joblessness question in England at that timeframe. They reprimanded the power and the bourgeoisie strongly from the perspective of the lower class in the general public. They made a unique, inelegant and rough method of playing, that is, punk rock.They supported skepticism and sang for political agitation, as the verses of their tune Anarchy in the I-J shows, l am an enemy of Christ. I am a rebel.. .. I need decimate it, punch it, break it. I need be a rebel. Punk music is the aggregate defiance of adolescents. In the part of society and governmental issues, young people were disappointed with the authoritative framework; in the part of conceivable indicating effortlessness and genuine delight in playing. It was the principle motivation behind why another melodic insurgency, underground rock, developed. It likewise demonstrates that there is by all accounts a lot of belief system to help each sort of music styles.Rock music, as a mutinous that's right of music, is an accurate agent of the young culture. This melodic structure gives adolescents the odds to encounter enjoyment, distress and outrage. There are a considerable number of the confirmations that individuals can value the Joy of life or express their irateness at society through exciting music. Awesome music isn't just a methods for amusement; it is additionally a sort of workmanship and a methods for self-communicating. The historical backdrop of awesome music is likewise the historical backdrop of the youthful soul which is fearless in rebellion and not terrified of innovating.According to Peter Wicked (1990), since backtalk, exciting music has Ovid from the edges of American mainstream music to the focal point of a worldwide industry. Firmly associated with youth culture, the impact of awesome is extensive, and has had critical effect worldwide on design, film styles, and mentalities towards sex and sexuality and utilization of medications and liquor, and so on. This effect is wide enough that awesome may likewise be viewed as a way of life notwithstanding a type of music. (Wisped) By the development innovation and the development of the broad communications, awesome music keeps on assuming a focal job in the mainstream society of the world.

Writing Persuasive Nursing Essays

Writing Persuasive Nursing EssaysWriting persuasive nursing essays can be a difficult task. There are many persuasive nursing essays that you will come across in the literature that requires you to write persuasively and assertively. You will find some areas where you have to argue for your points with the help of complex sentences and extensive use of the verb. If you want to write an effective nursing essay, you will have to face this challenge head on.The challenge here is how to pick persuasive nursing essay topics that are not only challenging but that also satisfy you. You have to first determine what kinds of nurses or health care providers would you like to write about. Then you have to identify your own personal personality and personal values.After you have decided who to write about, you need to create a list of specific things that the audience will need to know in order to understand your argument better. You should also note down your strong points. You can make up a li st of three to five strong points to support your arguments. Then, you can highlight these strong points in your essay.Lastly, you need to make sure that you follow the rules when it comes to writing an essay. You should learn from the master writers to ensure that you do not end up with an argument that is boring. Remember that you are the one writing an essay. Keep your reader in mind as much as possible so that they will have a clear picture of who you are and what you stand for.Now that you have learned some of the details that should be in an effective persuasive essay, you will have to think of a title for your essay. It is not necessary that you include your name or nickname in the title. You can choose a relevant title such as 'The Heroics of Rachael'. However, this title will prove to be less motivating to the reader. When it comes to the topic of your essay, make sure that you have a title that suits your topic. Avoid using 'in' words in your title. These include 'of', 'to ', 'on', 'for', and 'by'. This will definitely make the readers want to continue reading your article.If you do not know a well-known term, do not panic. There are many resources online that you can use to gather information about a certain term. Just be sure that you are clear on the actual meaning of the term.There are a lot of persuasive nursing essay topics that you can write about and you will be able to find the one that suits your skills and personalities. As long as you are careful enough about your content and the way you word your topic, you will be able to create an informative and exciting nursing essay that people will cherish for a long time.

Online Paper Writing - Why Online Paper Writing Is Easy?

Online Paper Writing - Why Online Paper Writing Is Easy?When it comes to online paper writing, you need to understand the truth of what people say that paper writing is difficult and boring. The truth is that it is simple and enjoyable but also that you are not going to be sitting down in front of a computer with a pencil and paper as well as your brain working together.But you also don't have to worry about being written to death by your online paper writing teacher if you just take the time to do some research. It is still a good idea to get your hands on some reference material when you are first starting out so that you can find something that you can use or even read from a few times. With that said, there are three different types of writing, from academic research to actual writing.One of the types is the book-length paper, more commonly known as a dissertation. This has the full respect of the graduate school that the student is hoping to go to. So much of the time, students who want to go to grad school to do it for the prestige. The problem that they run into is that sometimes the topic of the thesis and also the paper is not exactly what the professor had in mind.Online writing is quite similar to that. You have your thesis or the paper that you want to use to get your grades in your school, you do some research and then you put it into an online format. Then you will probably have a deadline that will be emailed to you that you will have to meet.Online writing is much easier to manage and keep in a schedule. And as long as you know what you are writing, you will not have to worry about typing every word up into a word processor every time you start a new section. As long as you get started and then don't forget, you will not have to stop.Another type of writing that is quite easy is the style that you would be doing in college writing papers for a course. Many college students tend to use a style that is very formal, meaning that they do not use the paper as a way to express their thoughts, they tend to just use it to satisfy the instructor and to get an AB grade.Online writing is much easier in this case because you are not going to be using the paper to make you grade point. You are just going to use it to keep track of things that you have to do to get ready for the next section.Online writing can also be used for the purpose of reporting and research, but you will more than likely still have to type those things up into a word processor, because that is how it is done in most cases. Online writing should always be put into an online format so that it can be processed properly and understood.

Supernatural Elements In the Play Macbeth - 2475 Words

Supernatural Elements In the Play Macbeth (Essay Sample) Content: Your NameProfessorCourseMarch 30, 2014Supernatural Elements In the Play MacbethOption Two (2): How does the presence of supernatural elements Affect Macbeth Choices Through out the play?1.0 The Three Witches And Their PropheciesMacbeth, a play by William Shakespeare relays a tale of heroic soldier who is presaged to become the king of Scotland upon meeting three witches, committing regicide and a chain of crimes, which lead to his own tragic demise. Shakespeare utilizes the supernatural in his play to add dramatic effect and heighten the suspense, the supernatural is also entrenched in the life of Macbeth, often determining his course of action and the salient decisions he makes throughout the play. Most actions that Macbeth undertakes are subjective to his inherent belief in the existence of supernatural powers, which persuade him that he can become the king of Scotland. Macbeth is a canonical work of the 17th century that have been extensively studied, analyzed and interpreted over time. The supernatural elements in the story are central to the plot to reveal deeper meaning, at the same time providing for a level of ambiguity that allows the audience to have different interpretations (Caderwood 64). In this tale, supernatural is used as means of reflecting upon the vice of succumbing to temptations that are common to mankind and the consequences of falling to the darker side of human nature (Hawkins 132). In Macbeth, the supernatural can be perceived as literal elements or as metaphors for the psychology of the human protagonists. Through the supernatural, the true nature of the lead character is portrayed providing definitive example of how the supernatural and spiritual can be used to create a deeper narrative meaning.In Macbeth, the supernatural forms an integral part of the plot, providing a catalyst for, an insight into character, and augments dramatic effect to the spectacular scenes (Caderwood 102). The supernatural appears in variety o f ways such as the ghost, the witches, the floating dagger and prophetic apparitions which make various appearances. Through the main characters delusion and Lady Macbeths sway over him, misdeeds are committed that leave hideous scars on the society and felonies that are perpetually etched in history. Macbeth seems to stumble and make mistakes after mistakes leading to his disgrace. This essay examines the effects of supernatural in the play Macbeth and how it affects his characterization, the plot and his choices. In scene one, as the play commences three witches appear to Macbeth and Banquo, the presence of the witches is markedly important in the progression of plot and the characterization of Macbeth. Through their wicked machinations they bring out Macbeths inner evil ambition and determine his fate. Fair is foul, and foul is fair (Act 1, Scene. 1, 11), in these scene the witches start in boding evil of thunder and lighting, the desolate atmosphere that starts off the drama su pports the terror and tragedy that typify the rest of the play. As such, the audience is able to infer into the witches intentions for meeting Macbeth and the harm they intend to do. When the hurlyburlys done/ When the battles lost and won (Act 1, Scene.1). Although Macbeth has worn the battle of war, the witches insinuate that he might lose battle against his own fate (Bartholomeusz 93). The witches predict that, everything will be overturned, moral order upturned giving room for darkness to prevail (Bloom 34). Through their ominous foreshadowing, the audience can almost guess the chaos that will ultimately decide Macbeths outcome.Although Macbeth is a valiant character with immense ambition, the presence of the supernatural evil forces tempts him hoodwinking him into their wicked entrapment. At first, Macbeth is very cautious over the prophecies made by the witches, but once they pronounce that he would be given the title of Thane of Cawdor he is hooked into their gimmicks, convin ced that in the future he would inherit the throne (Kranz 44). Since Macbeth lacked strong moral authority, the witches were able to access him and pollute his way of thinking. Lady Macbeth is very instrumental in swaying Macbeth into deeper wickedness since she was able to convince him to commit dreadful crimes. The three witches gave Macbeth three major prophecies which triggered him to commit felonies and make choices that were ultimately detrimental to his own life.Macbeth would become Thane of Cawdor.Macbeth will also be king of Scotland.Though Banquo will not become the king he will be the father of kings(Davidson 54) Once the witches give their prophetic words to Macbeth he takes fate in his own hands, he comes up with a plan on how to secure the throne and the ultimate power. There were two ways in which he could ascend the throne, he could either inherit the throne or murder or succeed the incumbent king Duncan. Murdering the king appeared to be most logical choice because there was already an heir to the throne chosen by Duncan. Lady Macbeth on the other hand, had relied on the supernatural by her soliloquy, summoning evil spirits to give her the ability to plot for Duncans murder without any remorse or conscience (Act I, Scene V, ll.42-57). So finally Lady Macbeth convinces her husband Macbeth to murder King Duncan; they master the plan together so that on the night of murder Macbeth had to wait for Lady Macbeth to ring the signal bell so he could go to Duncans chamber and murder him. Just before Macbeth kills Duncan, he starts hallucinating seeing a bloody dagger, this in reality signifies his deep disturbance because he is not able to distinguish what is real and what is imagination (Bartholomeusz 129). So the vision of the floating dagger firmly convinces Macbeth that he should go ahead and commit his planned crime. The dagger leads Macbeth towards the chamber then as the signal bell rings Macbeth proceeds stealthily up the staircase to Duncan's chamber where he commits the atrocious deed. After the murder is committed, Banquo, Macbeths friend, develops suspicions about Macbeth killing Duncan so as to ascend the throne. Ravaged by fear and guilt over the murder of Duncan, Macbeth and his wife decide to kill Banquo to erase their guilt and fear that Banquo could find out their crime (Caderwood 45). All these decisions that Macbeth take are triggered by the supernatural evil spirits which work systematically through the machinations of the three witches and his wife lady Macbeth. The supernatural did not offer sound assistance to Macbeth rather it threw him into deeper confusion phrases used by the witches such as Lesser than Macbeth, and greater/ Not so happy, yet much happier/ Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none. (Act 1, Scene. iii, 67-69) suggest that the witches do not bring certainty but rather mystification and chaos that perplex and mislead Macbeth.When King Duncan names Malcolm as heir to the throne, its sets a platform for Macbeth to strive for the throne; thus he resolves to follow the prophecy given by three witches; this is how he ends up planning and executing the murder of Duncan. Lady Macbeths ambition to make her husband king causes her to access the supernatural and she addresses the spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here/ and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full/ of direst cruelty! (Act 1, Scene. five, 44-46). She addresses the spirits from the immensity of her spitefulness, beckoning the evil forces to take away her morality and to so as to replace her humanity with evil. When there is an opportunity to kill Duncan, Lady Macbeth is animated at the prospect of being part of the malevolence. Another supernatural element comes in with the shrieking of an owl since its believed that its sound hints an imminent death. When Macbeth finally kills the king he is apprehensive of his own actions and is now regretful and scared; he knows that his crime would follow a nd haunt him; he does not however realize that his actions have been manipulated by his evil wife and the three witches. 2.0 Banquos Ghost In A BanquetMacbeth could not deal with the guilt he felt over Duncan, and when Banquo treats him with suspicion over the death of Duncan Macbeth is enraged and decides to murder him. Overwhelmed by devilish thoughts that fills his mind and determines his decisions; Macbeth kills Banquo so that he could come in to terms with his own crime. Killing Banquo only served to drive Macbeth into deeper quagmire as the ghost of the deceased appears to him in a banquet; the Banquos ghost is only visible to him (Bloom 63). Once the murderer notifies Macbeth that he has already murdered Banquo he observes the ghost of Banquo sitting in his regular seat. This apparition causes Macbeth to act in a weird manner making people suspicious of his actions. (Act III, Scene VI, ll.31-120).This serves to demonstrate the unstable state of Macbeth after killing Banquo. H e cries out Hence, horrible shadow!/Unreal mockery, hence! (Act 3, Scene. IV, 125-126). When Macbeth sees the ghost he is horrified and upsets the guests. He wonders why murder had taken place many times in the past before it was prevented by law -edict purged the gentle weal- and yet the dead were coming back to the living world. Since Lady Macbeth was still ignorant over Banquos death, she believed that he was merely staring at the apparition of Duncan. There is room for vagueness in the way that Banquos ghost is represented. Kranz, David(2003) writes that the representation of Banquos ghost, which only Macbeth can see, again puts pressure on the audience in determining where to draw lines between the inner and outer existence(107). In other words, t... Supernatural Elements In the Play Macbeth - 2475 Words Supernatural Elements In the Play Macbeth (Essay Sample) Content: Your NameProfessorCourseMarch 30, 2014Supernatural Elements In the Play MacbethOption Two (2): How does the presence of supernatural elements Affect Macbeth Choices Through out the play?1.0 The Three Witches And Their PropheciesMacbeth, a play by William Shakespeare relays a tale of heroic soldier who is presaged to become the king of Scotland upon meeting three witches, committing regicide and a chain of crimes, which lead to his own tragic demise. Shakespeare utilizes the supernatural in his play to add dramatic effect and heighten the suspense, the supernatural is also entrenched in the life of Macbeth, often determining his course of action and the salient decisions he makes throughout the play. Most actions that Macbeth undertakes are subjective to his inherent belief in the existence of supernatural powers, which persuade him that he can become the king of Scotland. Macbeth is a canonical work of the 17th century that have been extensively studied, analyzed and interpreted over time. The supernatural elements in the story are central to the plot to reveal deeper meaning, at the same time providing for a level of ambiguity that allows the audience to have different interpretations (Caderwood 64). In this tale, supernatural is used as means of reflecting upon the vice of succumbing to temptations that are common to mankind and the consequences of falling to the darker side of human nature (Hawkins 132). In Macbeth, the supernatural can be perceived as literal elements or as metaphors for the psychology of the human protagonists. Through the supernatural, the true nature of the lead character is portrayed providing definitive example of how the supernatural and spiritual can be used to create a deeper narrative meaning.In Macbeth, the supernatural forms an integral part of the plot, providing a catalyst for, an insight into character, and augments dramatic effect to the spectacular scenes (Caderwood 102). The supernatural appears in variety o f ways such as the ghost, the witches, the floating dagger and prophetic apparitions which make various appearances. Through the main characters delusion and Lady Macbeths sway over him, misdeeds are committed that leave hideous scars on the society and felonies that are perpetually etched in history. Macbeth seems to stumble and make mistakes after mistakes leading to his disgrace. This essay examines the effects of supernatural in the play Macbeth and how it affects his characterization, the plot and his choices. In scene one, as the play commences three witches appear to Macbeth and Banquo, the presence of the witches is markedly important in the progression of plot and the characterization of Macbeth. Through their wicked machinations they bring out Macbeths inner evil ambition and determine his fate. Fair is foul, and foul is fair (Act 1, Scene. 1, 11), in these scene the witches start in boding evil of thunder and lighting, the desolate atmosphere that starts off the drama su pports the terror and tragedy that typify the rest of the play. As such, the audience is able to infer into the witches intentions for meeting Macbeth and the harm they intend to do. When the hurlyburlys done/ When the battles lost and won (Act 1, Scene.1). Although Macbeth has worn the battle of war, the witches insinuate that he might lose battle against his own fate (Bartholomeusz 93). The witches predict that, everything will be overturned, moral order upturned giving room for darkness to prevail (Bloom 34). Through their ominous foreshadowing, the audience can almost guess the chaos that will ultimately decide Macbeths outcome.Although Macbeth is a valiant character with immense ambition, the presence of the supernatural evil forces tempts him hoodwinking him into their wicked entrapment. At first, Macbeth is very cautious over the prophecies made by the witches, but once they pronounce that he would be given the title of Thane of Cawdor he is hooked into their gimmicks, convin ced that in the future he would inherit the throne (Kranz 44). Since Macbeth lacked strong moral authority, the witches were able to access him and pollute his way of thinking. Lady Macbeth is very instrumental in swaying Macbeth into deeper wickedness since she was able to convince him to commit dreadful crimes. The three witches gave Macbeth three major prophecies which triggered him to commit felonies and make choices that were ultimately detrimental to his own life.Macbeth would become Thane of Cawdor.Macbeth will also be king of Scotland.Though Banquo will not become the king he will be the father of kings(Davidson 54) Once the witches give their prophetic words to Macbeth he takes fate in his own hands, he comes up with a plan on how to secure the throne and the ultimate power. There were two ways in which he could ascend the throne, he could either inherit the throne or murder or succeed the incumbent king Duncan. Murdering the king appeared to be most logical choice because there was already an heir to the throne chosen by Duncan. Lady Macbeth on the other hand, had relied on the supernatural by her soliloquy, summoning evil spirits to give her the ability to plot for Duncans murder without any remorse or conscience (Act I, Scene V, ll.42-57). So finally Lady Macbeth convinces her husband Macbeth to murder King Duncan; they master the plan together so that on the night of murder Macbeth had to wait for Lady Macbeth to ring the signal bell so he could go to Duncans chamber and murder him. Just before Macbeth kills Duncan, he starts hallucinating seeing a bloody dagger, this in reality signifies his deep disturbance because he is not able to distinguish what is real and what is imagination (Bartholomeusz 129). So the vision of the floating dagger firmly convinces Macbeth that he should go ahead and commit his planned crime. The dagger leads Macbeth towards the chamber then as the signal bell rings Macbeth proceeds stealthily up the staircase to Duncan's chamber where he commits the atrocious deed. After the murder is committed, Banquo, Macbeths friend, develops suspicions about Macbeth killing Duncan so as to ascend the throne. Ravaged by fear and guilt over the murder of Duncan, Macbeth and his wife decide to kill Banquo to erase their guilt and fear that Banquo could find out their crime (Caderwood 45). All these decisions that Macbeth take are triggered by the supernatural evil spirits which work systematically through the machinations of the three witches and his wife lady Macbeth. The supernatural did not offer sound assistance to Macbeth rather it threw him into deeper confusion phrases used by the witches such as Lesser than Macbeth, and greater/ Not so happy, yet much happier/ Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none. (Act 1, Scene. iii, 67-69) suggest that the witches do not bring certainty but rather mystification and chaos that perplex and mislead Macbeth.When King Duncan names Malcolm as heir to the throne, its sets a platform for Macbeth to strive for the throne; thus he resolves to follow the prophecy given by three witches; this is how he ends up planning and executing the murder of Duncan. Lady Macbeths ambition to make her husband king causes her to access the supernatural and she addresses the spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here/ and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full/ of direst cruelty! (Act 1, Scene. five, 44-46). She addresses the spirits from the immensity of her spitefulness, beckoning the evil forces to take away her morality and to so as to replace her humanity with evil. When there is an opportunity to kill Duncan, Lady Macbeth is animated at the prospect of being part of the malevolence. Another supernatural element comes in with the shrieking of an owl since its believed that its sound hints an imminent death. When Macbeth finally kills the king he is apprehensive of his own actions and is now regretful and scared; he knows that his crime would follow a nd haunt him; he does not however realize that his actions have been manipulated by his evil wife and the three witches. 2.0 Banquos Ghost In A BanquetMacbeth could not deal with the guilt he felt over Duncan, and when Banquo treats him with suspicion over the death of Duncan Macbeth is enraged and decides to murder him. Overwhelmed by devilish thoughts that fills his mind and determines his decisions; Macbeth kills Banquo so that he could come in to terms with his own crime. Killing Banquo only served to drive Macbeth into deeper quagmire as the ghost of the deceased appears to him in a banquet; the Banquos ghost is only visible to him (Bloom 63). Once the murderer notifies Macbeth that he has already murdered Banquo he observes the ghost of Banquo sitting in his regular seat. This apparition causes Macbeth to act in a weird manner making people suspicious of his actions. (Act III, Scene VI, ll.31-120).This serves to demonstrate the unstable state of Macbeth after killing Banquo. H e cries out Hence, horrible shadow!/Unreal mockery, hence! (Act 3, Scene. IV, 125-126). When Macbeth sees the ghost he is horrified and upsets the guests. He wonders why murder had taken place many times in the past before it was prevented by law -edict purged the gentle weal- and yet the dead were coming back to the living world. Since Lady Macbeth was still ignorant over Banquos death, she believed that he was merely staring at the apparition of Duncan. There is room for vagueness in the way that Banquos ghost is represented. Kranz, David(2003) writes that the representation of Banquos ghost, which only Macbeth can see, again puts pressure on the audience in determining where to draw lines between the inner and outer existence(107). In other words, t...

Efficient Market Theory and Behavioural Finance Essay

The behaviour of markets and investors, the decision making in the market place and the dynamics of demand and supply in any given market cannot be determined with a hundred percent accuracy. However master minds in the past have designed various techniques and theories that help investors make a particular buying decision, or to make choices logically. These theories and techniques help today’s investors to peep into the future and make almost immaculate predictions regarding the future behaviour of the market and the ongoing trends. A lay man night view the decision making of an investor as being solely based upon speculation but in reality every move that an investor makes today in the market place is backed up by sound calculation and†¦show more content†¦So according to the Efficient Market Theory it is impossible for any investor to â€Å"beat the market† that is earn more profit or get more return than what the market is actually offering. Therefore the investor can only earn greater profits on his investment if the investment portfolio includes a high proportion of risky investments that is those with higher standard deviations and betas but with a good capability of yielding high returns as well (Stephens, C.R., 2010). On the other hand behavioural finance defines the market dynamics and movement in terms of psychology of the participants in the trading process. Behavioural finance proposes that the amount of information available in the market regarding the factors that determine the output or profitability of a particular investment actually serve to determine the movement and output of the market itself (Fama, E.F., 1998). It is believed that Efficient Market Theory is based upon some fallacies and it does not provide strong grounds of whatever that it proposes. 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