Efficient Market Theory and Behavioural Finance Essay

The behaviour of markets and investors, the decision making in the market place and the dynamics of demand and supply in any given market cannot be determined with a hundred percent accuracy. However master minds in the past have designed various techniques and theories that help investors make a particular buying decision, or to make choices logically. These theories and techniques help today’s investors to peep into the future and make almost immaculate predictions regarding the future behaviour of the market and the ongoing trends. A lay man night view the decision making of an investor as being solely based upon speculation but in reality every move that an investor makes today in the market place is backed up by sound calculation and†¦show more content†¦So according to the Efficient Market Theory it is impossible for any investor to â€Å"beat the market† that is earn more profit or get more return than what the market is actually offering. Therefore the investor can only earn greater profits on his investment if the investment portfolio includes a high proportion of risky investments that is those with higher standard deviations and betas but with a good capability of yielding high returns as well (Stephens, C.R., 2010). On the other hand behavioural finance defines the market dynamics and movement in terms of psychology of the participants in the trading process. Behavioural finance proposes that the amount of information available in the market regarding the factors that determine the output or profitability of a particular investment actually serve to determine the movement and output of the market itself (Fama, E.F., 1998). It is believed that Efficient Market Theory is based upon some fallacies and it does not provide strong grounds of whatever that it proposes. More importantly the Efficient Market theory is perceived to be too subjective in its definition and details and because of this it is close to impossible to accommodate this theory into a meaningful and explicit financial model that can actually assist investors in making the investment decisions (Andresso-O’Callaghan, B., 2007). The basis of Efficient Market theory is considered to have a gap in theory and practice thatShow MoreRelatedKey Concepts And Explanations Of The Efficient Market Hypothesis915 Words   |  4 PagesConcepts and Explanations of the Efficient Market Hypothesis Overview Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is a theory that states that it is impossible to beat the market due to the following reasons: †¢ Assumption that markets are efficient †¢ Investors make rational decisions †¢ Market participants are sophisticated †¢ Investors act quickly on information as it becomes available Since prices reflect all information there are no bargain prices. In efficient markets, prices become unpredictable andRead MoreTheories concerning finance have developed throughout the years evolving from the efficient market800 Words   |  4 PagesTheories concerning finance have developed throughout the years evolving from the efficient market theory to behavioural finance. The efficient market theory had a large following in the 1970s although in the 1980s this theory became problematic as the theory didn’t explain the volatility of the actual stock market. Shiller argued that efficient market model needed to be grounded more in reality. Behavioural finance was a solution that many looked to and is becoming a favourable model, as it looksRead MoreEfficient Market Hypothesis Vs Behavioural Finance1747 Words   |  7 PagesEfficient Market Hypothesis v’s Behavioural Finance An efficient market is one in which share prices quickly and fully reflect all available information, where investors are rational, and there are no frictions. Investors determine stock prices on the basis of expected cash flows to be received from a stock and the risk involved. Rational investors should use all the information they have available or can reasonably obtain, including both known information and beliefs about the future. In an efficientRead MoreClassical Finance : The Backbone Of The Financial World1414 Words   |  6 Pagesclassical finance has been considered to be the backbone of the financial world. In the 1960s-1970s, many traditional financial theories and concepts were established with the help of asset pricing results found by various famous researchers, such as Merton (1973) and Black and Scholes (1973). However, roughly forty years ago, Behavioural finance came into power and resulted in questioning the mere implications and core assumptions of traditional or classical financial theories such as the Efficient MarketRead MoreThe Overreaction Of Market Behaviour And The Psychology Of Individual Decision Making Has On Stock Prices Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Werner F. M. De Bondt and Richard Thaler conducted a study to investigate the stock market. This study examined the impact the overreaction of market behaviour and the psychology of individual decision making has on stock prices. The main goal of this study was â€Å"to test whether the overreaction hypothesis is predictive† (pg. 795). They tested two hypotheses (pg. 795): 1. Extreme movements in stock prices will be followed by subsequent price movements in the opposite direction. 2. TheRead MoreEssay on The Efficient Market Hypothesis1845 Words   |  8 Pages1. INTRODUCTION The efficient market, as one of the pillars of neoclassical finance, asserts that financial markets are efficient on information. The efficient market hypothesis suggests that there is no trading system based on currently available information that could be expected to generate excess risk-adjusted returns consistently as this information is already reflected in current prices. However, EMH has been the most controversial subject of research in the fields of financial economics duringRead MoreMarket Efficiency Theory - Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Every event, no matter how remote or long ago, echoes across all other events.† (Mandelbrot, 2004) Modern financial implications perceive every action/reaction on markets as a result/cause of more complex, mutually dependent events. Studies of these relations began with the simplest ‘random walk’ hypothesis stating that price reactions are unforecastable. It was supported by ‘martingale’ stochastic process. Theoretically it is not possible to fully exist, as there would be no place for speculationRead MoreCapital Market Research : How Disclosures Of Particular Information Influences Aggregate Trading Activities Taken By Individuals Participating Within Capital1373 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge on capital market research which investigates how disclosures of particular information influences aggregate trading activities taken by individuals participating within capital markets (Deegan ,2011). Through this module my understanding in capital market research that looks at the information content of accounting disclosures and capital market research that uses share price data as a benchmark for evaluating accounting disclosures has evolved. In this area of research, markets are deemed efficientRead MoreEmpirical Challenges of the Efficient Market Hypothesis2070 Words   |  9 PagesEmpirical Challenges to the Efficient Market Hypothesis 1. Introduction Random walks observed in stock return series prior to the 1970s puzzled a number of financial theorists and practitioners. In 1970, this puzzle was resolved by Eugene Fama (1970) who argued that the random walks observed in the behaviour of stock return series could be attributed to market efficiency. Market efficient meant that investors could not consistently make risk-adjusted returns by making investment decisionsRead MoreBehavioral Finance And Its Effects On The Behavior Of Financial Practitioners And The Subsequent Effect On Markets2103 Words   |  9 PagesBehavioural Finance Introduction Behavioural finance is a relatively new area of evolving research in finance. Behavioural finance seek to combine behavioural and cognitive psychological theory with conventional economics and finance to get a better understanding for why individual investors make irrational financial decisions. According to Sewell (2007), â€Å"Behavioural finance is the study of the influence of psychology on the behaviour of financial practitioners and the subsequent effect on markets

Disopora of Inheritance of Loss - 3231 Words

As might be expected from the rich input of her cultural background, Kiran Desai, daughter of the author Anita Desai is a born story-teller. Her first novel, Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard (1998), is a fresh look at life in the sleepy provincial town of Shahkot in India. At 35 years old, Desai is the youngest woman ever to win the prize and was already highly acclaimed in literary circles for her first novel ‘Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard’ which won a Betty Trask award [2] when it was published in 1998. She spent eight years writing her second novel â€Å"The Inheritance of Loss† [3] . Much has been made of the parallels between the book and Desais family history but its not an autobiography. Desai herself has said that in places its†¦show more content†¦Whereas Biju finds it difficult to have a conversation even with the Indian girls to whom he delivers a take away meal, Saeed had many girls: Oh myee God!! he said. Oh myee Gaaaawd! She keep calling me and calling me,† he clutched at head, â€Å"aaaiii...I dont know what to do!!†... †Its those dreadlocks, cut them off and the girls will go.† â€Å"But I dont want them to go!†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ [8] Much of the comedy also arises from the Indian mis or over-use of the English language. ‘â€Å"Result equivocal† the young Judge wrote home to India on completing his university examinations in Britain. â€Å"What†, asked everyone â€Å"does that mean?† It sounded as if there was a problem, because â€Å"un† words were negative words, those basically competent in the English agreed. But then (his father) consulted the assistant magistrate and they exploded with joy †¦.† Bose, the Judge’s friend from his university days is a wonderfully optimistic but pompous individual, made all the more ridiculous by his over-use of British idioms – Cheeri-o, right-o, tickety boo, simply smashing, chin-chin, no siree, how’s that, bottom’s up, I say! [9] An original and modern aspect of Desai’s style is the almost poet-like use she makes of different print forms on the page: she uses italics for foreign words as if to emphasize their exoticness and untranslatability and capitals for emphasis

Stigma Of Hiv And Aids - 918 Words

Introduction With the recent passing of World AIDS day on December 1st, 2015, which followed Charlie Sheen’s recent disclosure of him being HIV-positive, revealed sad realties about society’s relations to HIV and AIDS. So it seems opportune that this paper shed some light on the issue of stigma in relation to HIV and AIDS. This paper supports the notions that although stigma around HIV status has come a long way since its inception as an infectious disease in the 1980s, HIV stigma has not yet come to an end. As Sheen outlines â€Å"It’s a hard three letters to absorb† (aidslaws.ca) which is mainly due to the misunderstanding of the disease which takes the form of stigma. Essentially, this paper argues that although not as overt as in the 20th century, HIV stigma has drastic ramifications for individuals infected and largely the stigma tends to impact the individual affected in an undesirable manner. This paper will provide evidence that stigma towards persons infected with HIV tends to stem from the general society and in special cases from the criminal justice system. Stigma by the criminal justice system is mainly due to the criminalizing of the unsavory effect of HIV: the possible spreading of HIV virus to the public. Although this paper, focuses primarily on stigma in general, it is crucial to make clear the state’s roles in stigmatization of HIV. As this paper progress, it will address issues such as; how HIV stigma affects people’s decision to test for the virus and howShow MoreRelatedThe Stigma Of Hiv / Aids1921 Words   |  8 Pagesknown as AIDS were diagnosed in the early 1980s, people with HIV/AIDS have been stigmatized. Over time, there have been many misconceptions about this disease. Even though there have been many discoveries, and treatments for HIV have improved over time, there are still many people who understand very little about this disease. T his lack of understanding, along with fear, misinformation about how the disease is transmitted, and â€Å"moral† judgments made about the types of people who contract HIV, all haveRead MoreStigma of Hiv/Aids1812 Words   |  8 PagesStigma of HIV/AIDS It goes without saying that HIV and AIDS are as much about social phenomena as they are about biological and medical concerns. From the moment scientists identified HIV and AIDS, social responses of fear, denial, stigma, and discrimination have accompanied the epidemic. Discrimination has spread rapidly, fuelling anxiety and prejudice against the groups most commonly affected, as well as those living with HIV or AIDS. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of educationRead MoreHiv/Aids Stigma and Discrimination1338 Words   |  6 PagesCepeda Social Psychology HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination Strayer University November 19, 2011 Internationally, there has been a recent resurgence of interest in HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination, triggered at least in part by growing recognition that negative social responses to the epidemic remain pervasive even in seriously affected communities. Yet, rarely are existing notions of stigma and discrimination interrogated for their conceptual adequacy and their usefulness inRead MoreEssay on The Stigma Attached to HIV and AIDS1674 Words   |  7 PagesStigma and seroconversion are a few familiar words that come to mind when dealing with HIV/AIDS. These are a few processes that people go through when they are indentified as being HIV positive. This is when their life on whole comes into contrast. This is so because people often take things like sex for granted and it is because of this some can’t live a healthy lifestyle. Just imagine finding out that you are positive. How will society accept you? What about the stigmatization that one goes throughRead Mo reGender Stigma Behind The Hiv And Aids Epidemic Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesthis day is the gay stigma behind the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Yes, it is fact that majority of gay men are HIV-infected but, it was said that to have AIDS was only a â€Å"gay thing† back in the 1980’s, which it is not. To this day, it influences many of our elders or parents that lived during the 1980’s that witnessed the huge outbreak. If we look at the show called Empire created by Lee Daniels and Danny Strong in the episode called â€Å"The Creative Dilemma† we will find it to be a stigma referring back toRead MoreStigma And Discrimination Face By People Living With Hiv / Aids2558 Words   |  11 PagesStigma and discrimination face by people living with HIV/AIDS The concept of â€Å"stigma† was thoroughly researched and defined by Roura et al., (2009) as â€Å"a special kind of relationship between attribute and stereotype† when the attribute is â€Å"deeply discrediting†. Although, literature on stigma is approximately 40 years old, it is still widely referenced to introduce the term and discuss its implications. All cultures have shared beliefs and meanings which help them interpret experiences and behaviorRead MoreEssay on Impact of Stigma of HIV-AIDS in the South African Workplace1497 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy is â€Å"Impact of Stigma of HIV/AIDS in the South African workplace.† This falls under a discipline of business management in the financial management degree I am currently doing and one of the key areas of focus within business management is workplace challenges. I believe that HIV/AIDS stigmas are challenges regularly faced in the South African work environment. The purpose of this research review is to gain insight and deeper understanding of what workplace stigma towards HIV/AIDS is in the workplaceRead MoreWhy Stigma Is A Profound Effect On A Person Affected By Hiv / Aids2052 Words   |  9 Pages This essay will discuss why stigma has a profound effect on a person affected by HIV/AIDS. It will first look at the definitions of stigma and explain the process and types of stigma. It will explain how people with HIV/AIDS can be affected by stigma. It will then look at the key characteristics found in stigma and explain why people with HIV/AIDS are stigmatised. It will further look at how stigma may have affected a person with HIV/AIDS in the 1980’s compared to how it may affect a person postRead MoreDeveloping A Health Advocacy Campaign For Hiv Stigma Reduction899 Words   |  4 Pagesa health advocacy campaign for HIV stigma reduction. In our project, we illustrate the significant impact of the stigma towards the population infect ed with HIV/AIDS and suggest a potential advocacy campaign to reduce the stigma and incidence of this epidemic. Through this project, I learned what a lot of people don’t understand, is that anyone can be affected at anytime if they put themselves in a situation where they could be at risk. People identified as being HIV positive, go through a tremendousRead MoreThe Effects of HIV Related Stigma 790 Words   |  3 Pagesto control the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The fact is that poor understanding of the related issues of stigma, discrimination and denial has hampered national and international programs. (3,4,5) HIV/AIDS is not merely a medical problem, but a social problem as well (1). Stigma and discrimination are as central to the global AIDS challenge as the disease itself. (2) HIV-related stigma and discrimination can be described as a devaluating process of PLWHA where discrimination is enacted stigma comprising unfair

How Teens Have A Sexual Education - 1081 Words

Most teenagers today are sexually educated but where they getting their information is the real question. Most teenagers had a sexual education class as their primary source of basic knowledge when they were younger or in elementary school. As kids get older, many learn about sex from their parents, siblings, friends and the media. My survey found most teenagers still went to their parents for some questions or problems but their friends are a very important source for information also. Social media or television also provides a lot of answers to many questions while allowing teens to stay anonymous. It seems that the severity of the issue or question determines where teenagers will find their answers. According to a Planned†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"But if you haven’t been talking to your kids about their daily all along, asking about sex isn’t going to elicit any information.† (Dr. Daddis, 2010, New York Times, para. 5). He goes on to say that teens aren’t purposely withholding information, but they are trying to figure out what is mom and dad’s business. This article also points to teens not being completely open with their parents unless there is a major problem. It is important to keep the communication lines open from a very early age. If teens become used to sharing information with their parents regularly, it won’t be so hard to talk about important sexual issues. If teens aren’t getting sex education from their parents, they turn to their friends or the media. Much of the information they get from their friends is incorrect or incomplete. Friends often get their information from other friends or the media. The last thing parents or teens want to is to get the wrong information. â€Å"Although the media is full of sex and sexuality, it is mostly depicted in the most sensational and superficial sense. Realistic portrayals of relationships and sexuality are rare. More often, issues around sex and sexuality appear either without any context or without any emotional or relationship component. Moreover, the risks of sexual activity are often hyped beyond the point teens will believe.†

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Answer: Introduction: Research is an exceptional part of biomedical science; without proper and extensive research activities, the progress of health care and biomedical sciences will be restricted. However, in order to continue extensive biomedical researches involving human beings, a considerable model organism is extremely necessary, and one of the most common model organisms that the biomedical science uses abundantly is Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila or the fruit fly is one of the most successful model organism used in the biological investigations due to its highly comparable genetic makeup. The neurobiological and physiological traits of this organism are considered to be very similar to most of the animal system (Apidianakis and Rahme 2011). On a more elaborative note, there are a few key reasons to why this model organism is the most abundantly used in the biological investigations; first and foremost the organism has a suitably short life cycle which is extremely helpful while conducting ge netic or physiological experiments. The mechanism of culturing and maintenance of cultures are also very easy when considering the model organism of concern. And lastly and most importantly, considering the genetic makeup of the organism, it has low number of chromosomes, a small genome size and presence of polytene chromosome which make research activities like genetic engineering, probing and protein expression studies extremely easy. However, despite all the advantages that the organism has in the medical research field there are some significant disadvantages that are associated with using Drosophila as a model organism (Bells 2010). This assignment will explore these limitations in acute detail and will also attempt to determine the attempts or initiatives taken to overcome the limitations. One if the greatest limitations of using Drosophila as a model organism are the fact that the organism has a considerably small genome size, with just 4 chromosomes sets it is quite difficult to incorporate extensive genetic studies with extensively large human genetic code. Along with that it also needs to be considered that the anatomy of the fruit flies are very dissimilar to that of human beings, hence when experimenting with a particular trait response or disease mechanism, it is very difficult to arrive at a definite verdict. Along with that, when considering the disease prevention or treatment pathway studies, the complete absence of any adaptive immune system in the fruit flies. Along with that, a very significant sector for biomedical research for the purpose of human health care and development is the drug testing and improvement studies (Daborn et al. 2012). However, when considering the Drosophila melanogaster, the model organism is not capable of interpreting or accurate ly predicting the effect of the drugs or therapeutic chemical agents on the human body, along with that due to the biology of the organism itself makes the drug delivery within the body of the organism very difficult which further complicates the process of drug testing. Now considering with using drosophila as the model organism in studies in the Australian context, the costs associated with the process is also a very important and influential factor, as the reproduction and maintenance costs have a deciding influence on the overall budget of the research being carried out. The cost of reproduction for Drosophila is significantly higher than that of other model organisms when used in biomedical research. Along with that it has to be mentioned in this context as well that, unlike other model organisms like C. elegans, it is impossible to freeze and store the drosophila gametes for extended period of time, hence it is absolutely required to keep the fly strains as living stocks (Glavis-Bloom, Muhammed and Mylonakis 2012). Now maintaining living stocks of fly strains require them to be regularly turned over for fresh food, which complicates the culture maintenance and costs associated with the process extremely high. Along with that it also must not es cape notice that for the purpose of controlled genetic cross studies to the female fruit flies need to be virgin, hence an extensive and accurate collection process after hours of culturing is also required which further complicates the culturing and culture maintenance procedure. However, the time consumed while carrying out Drosophila experiments are shorter when compared to other organisms due to the fact that the life cycle of the fly is extremely short and compact; although the culture maintenance and maintaining the virgin flies takes meticulous measures which can potentially increase the time required for conducting research on these flies (Hughes et al. 2012). The ethical implications involving genetically modified organisms or insects into the research also complicate the process further. Lastly when discussing the relevance of using Drosophila as the model organism in human disease development research, the extremely small genome size serves to be a significant challenge. Along with that, Drosophila lacks a functional autoimmune system, hence apart from neurodegenerative disorders; there is very little benefits of using Drosophila as the model organism when considering the heart diseases which can be considered one of the most common human diseases, the relevance of using flies to model human heart diseases dwindles even more. One contributing factor to that may be the vast difference between the cardiovascular systems of flies and humans, the cognitive disorders that restricts the correct manifestation of the diseased state being modelled accurately in the flies. And most importantly the fact that the fruit flies lack neurotransmitters and vital receptor sites that play pivotal roles in human disorder development in heart disease and other relatable disorders (Ponto n et al. 2011). On a concluding note, it can be stated that the Drosophila melanogaster is undoubtedly one of the most easy to use and accessible model organisms for biomedical research. However, it has to be understood that there are a myriad of limitations associated with the use of Drosophila in the research. However, there are a number of genetic modifications done on the organism to improve the culture maintenance and relevance of using the model organism. Technologies such as pre-designed molecular deletions, integrated gene mapping, targeted point mutations and transgenic technologies are improving the relevance of using Drosophila as model organism for research (Sabin, Hanna and Cherry 2010). Hence it can be hoped that with progressive research commencing on improving the relevance of Drosophila being will open up new possibilities for use of the model organism in biomedical research in years to come. References: Apidianakis, Y. and Rahme, L.G., 2011. Drosophila melanogaster as a model for human intestinal infection and pathology.Disease models mechanisms,4(1), pp.21-30. Bells, X., 2010. Beyond Drosophila: RNAi in vivo and functional genomics in insects.Annual review of entomology,55, pp.111-128. Daborn, P.J., Lumb, C., Harrop, T.W., Blasetti, A., Pasricha, S., Morin, S., Mitchell, S.N., Donnelly, M.J., Mller, P. and Batterham, P., 2012. Using Drosophila melanogaster to validate metabolism-based insecticide resistance from insect pests.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology,42(12), pp.918-924. Glavis-Bloom, J., Muhammed, M. and Mylonakis, E., 2012. Of model hosts and man: using Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Galleria mellonella as model hosts for infectious disease research. InRecent Advances on Model Hosts(pp. 11-17). Springer, New York, NY. Hughes, T.T., Allen, A.L., Bardin, J.E., Christian, M.N., Daimon, K., Dozier, K.D., Hansen, C.L., Holcomb, L.M. and Ahlander, J., 2012. Drosophila as a genetic model for studying pathogenic human viruses.Virology,423(1), pp.1-5. Ponton, F., Chapuis, M.P., Pernice, M., Sword, G.A. and Simpson, S.J., 2011. Evaluation of potential reference genes for reverse transcription-qPCR studies of physiological responses in Drosophila melanogaster.Journal of insect physiology,57(6), pp.840-850. Sabin, L.R., Hanna, S.L. and Cherry, S., 2010. Innate antiviral immunity in Drosophila.Current opinion in immunology,22(1), pp.4-9. Yassin, A., Markow, T.A., Narechania, A., OGrady, P.M. and DeSalle, R., 2010. The genus Drosophila as a model for testing tree-and character-based methods of species identification using DNA barcoding.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,57(2), pp.509-517.

Effects of Aging free essay sample

The Effects of Aging Krista Halverson September 4, 2010 Human Lifespan Development Barbara Kennedy The transformation that takes place throughout ones life is inevitable. The growth and development of becoming an adult forces many body and mind changes. Physical appearance, mental capability and other issues all take place in our later adult years. All of these changes happen at different times for everyone. Nobody ages at the same rate. Aging is impossible to run away from but millions of people spend countless dollars to slow the aging process. The biggest notable changes occur between the ages of 50 and 60. Some physical changes can be postponed by frequent medical visits with a doctor. Most in the prime of their lives do everything one can to lead a healthy lifestyle. As we grow older, we have a tendency to stop being careful with what we eat. Our diets go by the wayside and in turn, our physical health suffers. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Aging or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When an elderly person stops eating healthy, he or she begins to become malnourished. Several factors of malnourishment are the teeth become weak and may even begin to fall out. The mind is not as strong and virulent as the body is suffering huge vitamin deficiencies because of the lack of proper diet. Due to the teeth being less strong, an elderly may have to resort to soft foods that will encourage the malnutrition. A study conducted on eating and the elderly showed signs that the social factors involved with the elderly have a very large role in how much and what an aging adult eats. We have demonstrated that meals eaten with other people are 46% larger than meals eaten alone, and the more people present at the meal, the more will be eaten (de Castro, Exercise along with healthy eating also plays an important role in the aging process. The inactive older adult a large proportion of the population has an ncreased burden of chronic conditions associated with a sedentary lifestyle that continues to rise steadily. Although, the health status of older adults varies from individual to individual, a strong association between functional ability and regular physical activity exists (Sawyer, Castaneda-Sceppa, pg. 2). I sat down with my elderly grandparents, and asked them what they tho ught about the effects of aging. My grandmother has lived a very sedentary life always making up excuses to avoid exercise. My 85-year-old grandfather, on the other hand, walks an average of one mile every day. My grandmother has many health problems and I believe this is due to her sedentary lifestyle. My grandfather has had medical problems but all related to his farming background. Rotator cuffs needing to be replaced and heart bypass surgery because of his bad eating habits growing up. There have been no major health problems for him like with my grandmother. Many elderly are left alone and this also leads to depression and feelings of abandonment. As fade, long and short-term memory is also affected. When we are young, we remember everything from someones age to phone numbers, license plate numbers, and all sorts of other small etails. As our brain ages, it loses some of the ability to retain information. Blood flow decreases over time as our brain loses volume. According to the American Psychological Association, Episodic memory, which captures the what, where, and when of our daily lives, is to blame. Both episodic and longer term memory decline somewhat over time (http://www. apa. rg/pi/aging/memory-and-aging. pdf). Mortality is also often thought about as aging takes place. When young, most believe that invincibility is at the fingertips. As aging occurs, one can begin to evaluate life choices and ith the physical changes of aging, makes seeing death inevitable. People who have faith in God allows them not to be afraid of dying because they know they are going to a better place. Those without faith often wonder what happen s to them after they die. Judgment and eternity, and indeed the very existence of God, provide great solace to many (Smith pg. ). For those who do not believe in God, would have a tendency to think more scientifically about death. Science brings more of an absolute break down of the aging body and deteriorating into the Earth. experience How a person mourns the loss is very dependent upon the circumstances urrounding the death. Some deal with the loss much better if death has been known about for some time. It may make handling the death easier when one knows that the family member is no longer suffering from pain of cancer or other illness or injury. The family members believe that it gives them time for closure allows the ability to say goodbye. Some also find it harder to deal with death when it comes unexpectedly. Sudden heart attacks leave family members reeling because they could not tell the loved one how much he or she was cared for. We can see that even though there are hundreds of products that can slow aging nd prolong death, both will come eventually. My grandparents are not mournful of their lives. They enjoy how well they raised three children.